And here’s part II

Guns smuggled from the US arm criminals in Canada and Mexico, contributing to a higher murder rate in Canada and more intense drug crime conflict near the Mexican border, according to a study published today in a special issue of Criminology and Criminal Justice, published by SAGE.

However, authors Philip J. Cook, of Duke University Durham, NC, US, Wendy Cukier Ryerson of the University of Toronto, Canada and Keith Krause from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Geneva, Switzerland highlight a dearth of empirical evidence on gun crime available to criminologists. Gun violence in North America remains the subject of considerable speculation and debate. In their paper The Illicit Firearms Trade in North America, the authors draw upon economics concepts, examining gun crime in the context of each country’s regulatory framework.

The US is undoubtedly a major supplier of illegal guns (particularly handguns) to both Canada and Mexico. But limited data hamper efforts to predict the effect of a successful crackdown on illegal firearms by US authorities, the authors suggest. Both policy makers and law enforcement would benefit from research to fill these information gaps.

The data that are available show that the majority of traced handguns recovered from Canadian crime scenes originate in US. Another major source of illegal guns in Canada, and in many other countries is “leakage” from state stockpiles (police and military) through theft, corruption or other means. For instance, ‘insiders’ illegally sold over 3000 firearms recovered in crime or surrendered in amnesties to the Metropolitan Toronto Police Service.

Investigators have traced 90 to 95 percent of weapons in Mexico to the US, but how did they get there? The guns sampled may not represent the bigger picture: the figure reflects firearms submitted for tracing by Mexican authorities. Authorities recover only a fraction of firearms from crimes and gun battles, and traces are only requested on some recovered weapons.

Central America, a region awash with weapons imported by both governments and rebel groups during the civil wars in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala, is a further potential weapon source to Mexico, as are Chinese, Russian, Eastern European, or other sources. To date evidence is mainly anecdotal. Still less is known about the third source of weapons, the Mexican security forces themselves. The Small Arms Survey 2008 showed that weapons diverted from police and armed forces are a major and sometimes the main source of illicit weapons in many countries.

Some weapons used in Mexican crimes such as grenades, RPGs and fully automatic weapons are less easy to acquire in the US, and have probably arrived from elsewhere. This contrasts with Canada, where very few cases detail handguns from anywhere but the US, other than arms illegally diverted from legal Canadian supplies.

According to Cook, the specific impact and effects of illicitly trafficked firearms are unknowns. “Although we know that armed violence can have a variety of deleterious effects on perceived and real insecurity, public health, economic development, and political stability, we do not know how much of this can be associated specifically with changes in the availability of firearms,” he says.

Some values can be quantified: Previous research has shown that life expectancy is lowered by 0.6 years for all Mexicans as a result of armed violence, with the US and Canada figures at 0.31 and 0.08, respectively. But firearms’ negative effects are highly context dependent, with factors such as demand strength, types of weapons circulating, social groups with weapons access and reasons they possess them all contributing to the mix.

“The use of guns by criminal groups increases their relative power, and in the dramatic circumstances we see in Mexico, contributes to subverting legitimate authority and creating such fear as to have a substantial economic and political impact,” says Cook.

The rate of gun homicide in Canada is statistically low and falling, yet public perception is that gun crime is rising. When Toronto, a city with 2.8 million people hit 52 gun homicides in 2005, it became “the year of the gun” in spite of the fact that the city had one of the lowest murder rates on the continent for a city of its size. Rates of homicide with guns are 6.7 times higher in the US than in Canada, and the US has 5.1 times Canada’s rate per 100,000 of gun robberies.

The authors speculate US authorities would not only have to stem the supply of smuggled weapons from the US, but also other potential sources to successfully block the flow of deadly arms to criminals and criminal organizations.

Statements made by public officials are usually intended to influence public opinion by offering conclusions, rather than to inform researchers’ analyses, the authors believe. They call for more data from criminal investigations and gun tracing to be made available to researchers.

“A broader inquiry is warranted,” says Cook. “The stakes are very high for developing effective strategies for limiting the illicit movements of guns.”

Another paper in the same issue on firearms discusses the UK and the Netherlands, which have among the lowest occurrence of gun-homicide in advanced industrial democracies. In Third Wave Criminology, guns, crime and social order, Adam Edwards of Cardiff University, UK and James Sheptycki, of York University, Canada use these examples to illustrate the evolution of criminology in the context of evolving paradigms from the sociology of science in the wake of postmodernism, and towards a basis for action in the face of scientific uncertainty.

A war cannot be won without solid intelligence, no war ever was. The US and most countries are involved in a new type of warfare, one that is not conventional in any way. The battlefields are now placed within the daily lives of countless people, battles are fought near their streets and homes and even more, the enemy now literarily takes refuge inside communities of which support they strongly depend.

As wars no longer witness regular armies with conventional weapons, the role of the intelligence service reaches sky high levels of importance. The Obama administration clearly understands this aspect of the forth generation warfare. As the public was shocked with the interrogation methods applied within the walls of Guantanamo, the intelligence service has to come up with new techniques and methods of obtaining information without being characterized as barbarian.

According to a recent AP news story, the US is considering a new unit of professional interrogators “to handle high-value terror suspects.” The unit’s “primary purpose would be intelligence-gathering, rather than building criminal cases for prosecution.”

No information is available on the way they will operate, and probably it will never be. But one question still remains: how do you convince an individual who has absolutely no doubts that what his organization does is far from being terrorism and he believes that this is what his religion requires, betray all that and offer valuable and reliable information?

Torture is not an option.

Some of us think that under immense physical pressure and incredible pain many Taliban or Al Qaida fighters will crack and start offering reliable information. This assumption is unrealistic. When an individual joins Al Qaida, he offers his life for the group’s cause; he would gladly endure pain or voluntarily sacrifice his life for any small and apparently unimportant benefit to the group.

To successfully extract information from such individuals, one has to completely understand the way they think, what makes them tick and what vulnerabilities do they present. This will be a very difficult task for the future special unit of interrogation.

Journalists are in the dock now for their role in provoking the wars of the 1990s across former Yugoslavia that left more than 100,000 dead.

“We’re analysing the influence of certain Serbian media on war crimes committed in the 1991-95 wars,” Bruno Vekaric, spokesman for the Special War Crimes Prosecutor in Belgrade told IPS. “The analysis deals with the atmosphere and ambience within the media at the time.”

Examination of the criminal responsibility of media began after some people were sentenced last year for the execution of close to 200 Croatian prisoners of war in Vukovar town in 1991.

“One of them clearly said he watched TV and then went to ‘give those (Croats) what they deserved’,” Vekaric said.

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Kabul, Afghanistan – Afghan and coalition forces searched a compound last night in Helmand Province, thought to belong to a key Taliban commander responsible for directing suicide and improvised explosive device attacks against both coalition and Afghan forces and the local populace.

The force targeted the compound in the Nad Ali District after intelligence indicated militant activity. The force conducted a search without incident and uncovered a hand grenade in one of the targeted buildings. Four suspected militants were detained.

Helmand Province has been plagued by Taliban violence as militants seek to disrupt governance and security in the region. Taliban commanders routinely seek strongholds in Helmand to facilitate the movement of fighters into the heart of Afghanistan.

Source: USFOR

I have started this blog a few days ago, probably one week or so, maybe more, to analyze and comment current conflicts and military history. However, one interesting feature of this blog is the book reviews section.

There will be plenty of book reviews, but at the moment I’m cought up in work and trying to prepare a research project for my MA.

Anyway, the first review will be published in a few days and it will be Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People by Dana D. Nelson.

After being convicted of several war crimes and crimes against humanity. The ex-Liberian president Charles Taylor said:

“People have referred to my forces as brutes and savages. We are not. I am not.”

Really?

Kevin Godlington:

“Encouraging revolution in Iran is cheaper than Patriot missiles, but not as much fun”

via PoliticalMath

Britain has revoked licences for the sale of military components to Israel after conducting an export review in the wake of Israel’s war on Gaza, officials have said.

Five arms-export licences have been cancelled out of 182 that Britain had granted to companies, an Israeli official said on Monday.

The licences all involved parts for the Saar Corvette, a boat used in Israel’s 22-day military offensive on the Palestinian territory in December and January.

The British embassy in Tel Aviv said that a “small number” of export licences had been revoked but said no arms embargo on Israel is in place.

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